Biography of Robert Hooke, the Man Who Discovered Cells

Robert Hooke (July 18, 1635–March 3, 1703) was a 17th-century natural philosopher—an early scientist—noted for a variety of observations of the natural world. But perhaps his most notable discovery came in 1665 when he looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and discovered cells. Fast Facts: Robert Hooke Known For: Experiments with a microscope, including the discovery of cells, and coining of the termBorn: July 18, 1635 in Freshwater, the Isle of Wight, EnglandParents: John Hooke, vicar of Freshwater and his second wife Cecily GylesDied: March 3, 1703 in LondonEducation: Westminster in London, and Christ Church at Oxford, as a laboratory assistant of Robert BoylePublished Works: Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon Early Life Robert Hooke was born July 18, 1635, in Freshwater on the Isle of Wight off the southern coast of England, the son of the vicar of Freshwater John Hooke and his second wife Cecily Gates. His health was delicate as a child, so Robert was kept at home until after his father died. In 1648, when Hooke was 13, he went to London and was first apprenticed to painter Peter Lely and proved fairly good at the art, but he left because the fumes affected him. He enrolled at Westminster School in London, where he received a solid academic education including Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and also gained training as an instrument maker. He later went on to Oxford and, as a product of Westminster, entered Christ Church college, where he became the friend and laboratory assistant of Robert Boyle, best known for his natural law of gases known as Boyles Law. Hooke invented a wide range of things at Christ Church, including a balance spring for watches, but he published few of them. He did publish a tract on capillary attraction in 1661, and it was that treatise the brought him to the attention of the Royal Society for Promoting Natural History, founded just a year earlier. The Royal Society The Royal Society for Promoting Natural History (or Royal Society) was founded in November 1660 as a group of like-minded scholars. It was not associated with a particular university but rather funded under the patronage of the British king Charles II. Members during Hookes day included Boyle, the architect Christopher Wren, and the natural philosophers John Wilkins and Isaac Newton; today, it boasts 1,600 fellows from around the world. In 1662, the Royal Society offered Hooke the initially unpaid curator position, to furnish the society with three or four experiments each week—they promised to pay him as soon as the society had the money. Hooke did eventually get paid for the curatorship, and when he was named a professor of geometry, he gained housing at Gresham college. Hooke remained in those positions for the rest of his life; they offered him the opportunity to research whatever interested him. Observations and Discoveries Hooke was, like many of the members of the Royal Society, wide-reaching in his interests. Fascinated by seafaring and navigation, Hooke invented a depth sounder and water sampler. In September 1663, he began keeping daily weather records, hoping that would lead to reasonable weather predictions. He invented or improved all five basic meteorological instruments (the barometer, thermometer, hydroscope, rain gauge, and wind gauge), and developed and printed a form to record weather data. Some 40 years before Hooke joined the Royal Society, Galileo had invented the microscope (called an occhiolino  at the time, or wink in Italian); as curator, Hooke bought a commercial version and began an extremely wide and varying amount of research with it, looking at plants, molds, sand, and fleas. Among his discoveries were fossil shells in sand (now recognized as foraminifera), spores in mold, and the bloodsucking practices of mosquitoes and lice. Discovery of the Cell Hooke is best known today for his identification of the cellular structure of plants. When he looked at a sliver of cork through his microscope, he noticed some pores or cells in it. Hooke believed the cells had served as containers for the noble juices or fibrous threads of the once-living cork tree. He thought these cells existed only in plants, since he and his scientific contemporaries had observed the structures only in plant material. Nine months of experiments and observations are recorded in his 1665 book Micrographia: or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon, the first book describing observations made through a microscope. It featured many drawings, some of which have been attributed to Christopher Wren, such as that of a detailed flea observed through the microscope. Hooke was the first person to use the word cell to identify microscopic structures when he was describing cork. His other observations and discoveries include: Hookes Law: A  law of elasticity for solid bodies, which described how tension increases and decreases in a spring coilVarious observations on the nature of gravity, as well as heavenly bodies such as comets and planetsThe nature of fossilization, and its implications for biological history Death and Legacy Hooke was a brilliant scientist, a pious Christian, and a difficult and impatient man. What kept him from true success was a lack of interest in mathematics. Many of his ideas inspired and were completed by others in and outside of the Royal Society, such as the Dutch pioneer microbiologist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), navigator and geographer William Dampier (1652–1715), geologist Niels Stenson (better known as Steno, 1638–1686), and Hookes personal nemesis, Isaac Newton (1642–1727). When the Royal Society published Newtons Principia in 1686, Hooke accused him of plagiarism, a situation so profoundly affecting Newton that he put off publishing Optics until after Hooke was dead. Hooke kept a diary in which he discussed his infirmities, which were many, but although it doesnt have literary merit like Samuel Pepys, it also describes many details of daily life in London after the Great Fire. He died, suffering from scurvy and other unnamed and unknown illnesses, on March 3, 1703. He neither married nor had children. Sources Egerton, Frank N. A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 16: Robert Hooke and the Royal Society of London. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 86.2 (2005): 93–101. Print.Jardine, Lisa. Monuments and Microscopes: Scientific Thinking on a Grand Scale in the Early Royal Society. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 55.2 (2001): 289–308. Print.Nakajima, Hideto. Robert Hookes Family and His Youth: Some New Evidence from the Will of the Rev. John Hooke. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 48.1 (1994): 11–16. Print.Whitrow, G. J. Robert Hooke. Philosophy of Science 5.4 (1938): 493–502. Print.

10 Missing Links in Vertebrate Evolution

10 Missing Links in Vertebrate Evolution

10 Missing Links in Vertebrate Evolution

Plagiarism Position Paper - 1885 Words

Plagiarism is a serious offense and a growing trend in our society today. Some may associate plagiarism with the idea of taking someone else’s writing and making it their own. In fact plagiarism involves anything that is copied or taken and said to be of your own work. Dictionary.com defines plagiarism as â€Å"the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as ones own original work, as by not crediting the author†. In fact this definition covers all types of cheating and misrepresentation of ones own work. There are many numbers and statistics that can be found on the amount of individuals that have admitted to cheating. Perhaps the most astounding number is one that was†¦show more content†¦According to Martin (2006), â€Å"the main cause of plagiarism is that this era of specialization getting in to reputable institutions of learning especially higher learning is getting difficult and t ough (p. 3).† Because of the grueling process of entrance essays, applications to major universities, and weekly paper assignments, students feel as if there is a high standard set for them. They are unable to reach the demand level of higher education; therefore, they feel the need to use someone else’s work. For the most part, everybody wants to get accepted into a prominent institution for higher learning and do well for themselves, as well as their families. There are enormous amounts of people who work their tails off to accomplish this grueling task; others choose to take the easy way out. Some get caught, others do not, but those who do plagiarize will have to live with that feeling of cheating and dishonesty for the rest of their lives. Some also believe that students cheat because they are lazy and the task of writing and doing their own work is to time consuming, both of these statements are true. Individuals are lazy, let’s be honest, would you rather lie on the couch and relax, or write a term paper? Also, writing is time consuming, it takes multiple hours of research and paper development before you are confident enough to submit your work and put your name on something that is going to be graded by a highly educated teacher or professor.Show MoreRelatedFree Papers1007 Words   |  5 Pagesacademic papers such as free essays, free term papers, free research papers, free dissertations, free book reports/book reviews, free essays, free speeches, there exists a chance of being accused of plagiarism. 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Academic Writing

Question: HowAcademic writing is totally different from other forms of writing? Explain. Answer: Academic writing is totally different from other forms of writing. In most of the cases, it has been found Academic writing helps the individuals to make the content of the study more authentic. Additionally, it also helps the practitioners to enhance their knowledge as well as skills (Zhu, 2004). The emerging clinician gains several knowledge and technical skills from the academic writing. In most of the cases, it has been found that the clinician researchers effectively provide a link in between the scientific research and clinical practice. This directly helps the practitioners and clinicians to provide proper treatment to the patients sooner (Blackboard.qut.edu.au. 2016). QUT library is an award-winning library; by accessing the library, the students can several kinds of information and data about the paramedic practice. On the other hand, this also helps the students to enhance their personal knowledge and ideas (Blackboard.qut.edu.au. 2016). The library has a huge collection of authentic book, relevant journals and articles. By accessing the books and journals from the QUT library, the students can easily include those important information and data in their assignments (Prasolova, Bradbury Jefferson, 2014). This will directly help the students to make the content of the assignment more authentic and reliable. Additionally, it will also help the student to get high score in the examination. The full form of OSCE is objective structured clinical examination. In the present situation, it has been found that in most of the hospitals and in medical centre has implemented the process of OSCE examination. This particular type of examination is being designed basically to test the clinical skills as well as the performance level of the medical centres. Additionally, it also tests the communication level, medical procedures, manipulation techniques, clinical examinations, radiographic positioning, and the overall interpretation result (Chang, Hsieh Hsu, 2014). OSCE is a short station, where individual candidates are being examined and judged. In different station, there are different examiners. This type of test is conducted in order to check the students theoretical as well as the clinical knowledge. For every organization, manual handling plays a very much important. The manual handling operations regulations are mainly define as any supporting of load. In most of the cases, it has been found that the manual handling may not seem that much risky for the organization (McDermott et al. 2012). Nevertheless, it has been found that the manual handling is one of the major causes of the workplace injuries. Manual handling is the daily tasks, which are taking place within the organization (Shaban, 2015). The term manual handling includes several kinds of activities like lowering, pushing, pulling, and carrying (Lightfoot, 2007). The manual handling can create a serious impact on the employers as well as on the person who is actually injured (Bl ackboard.qut.edu.au. 2016). There are some core principles of safe manual tasking; the hospitals and the medical centres must implement all the effective techniques to maintain the safety level. Ensure that the object is light enough so that it can be easily lifted The individuals must make sure that the route is clear Grab the load very firmly so that it can be close to your body Team lifted needs to be properly coordinated (Noordam Gosling, 2006) Awkward loads need to be moved with handling aid Avoid twisting of the body The cumulative damage is basically a variant form of ongoing damage (OMeara, 2009). It has been found miners rule is one of the effective rules, which are being widely used cumulative damage models for failure caused by fatigue (Chang, Hsieh Hsu, 2014). The differences arises in each failed cases, in this case the victims take the value of the current damage. In most of the cases, potential damage is increased by the initial value. Fatigue is the weakening of a material, which is mainly caused due to the repeated applied load. The paramedics are the healthcare professionals who mainly work in the emergency service team (Blackboard.qut.edu.au. 2016). Phonetic numerical: It has been found that to avoid confusion and barriers during the transmission of voice, some effective techniques have been developed for unmistakably pronouncing letters as well as numerical. This special technique mainly resulted in phonetic numerical and phonetic alphabets (Heselwood, 2013). In this case, the numbers are mainly spoken digit by digit, for examples 84, AIT FOW ER. Phonetic alphabet: Phonetic alphabet can be considered as an effective system for transcribing the precise sound of the human speech into writing. There are several communication procedure which are being used in radio communication (Madsen, 2014). The effective techniques are being used in order to minimize the communication barrier. ABC of radio communication is accuracy, brevity and clarity. In most of the medical centres and hospitals it has been found that the patients are being discriminated and they does are not get proper treatment from the paramedics and the doctors in the hospital (Benvenuti, 2001). The discrimination is being generally made on the basis of age, sex, color, religion and race. The mental health act 2000 mainly provides involuntary assessment, treatment as well as protection to the people who are mainly suffering from mental illness. On the other hand, it also looks after the safety, rights and freedoms of the patients and other individuals. Sometimes, it has been found that th e mental are being neglected in the hospitals and the medical centres. In order to provide them the right treatment, the paramedics uses the mental health act 2000 (Noordam Gosling, 2006). Due to improper assistance most of times, the patients are being ill-treated by the individuals in the hospital. By keeping in mind of the mental health act 2000, the paramedics try to provide proper treatment and care to the patients. Health care can be considered as one of the complex issues. In the present scenario, it has been found that different age group people are suffering from different kinds of diseases. In most of the cases, it has been seen that the patients are unable to get proper treatment and facilities from the paramedics or the hospital employees, the normal patients starts behaving abnormally in the medical centre (Doran, 2013). It becomes quite tough for the hospital authority to control the patients mental behavior. During that particular time, the behavior of the normal pat ients is being misinterpreted as the mental health issue. Sometimes, it has been also seen that due to cross culture it becomes tough for the paramedics to communicate and understand the exact problems of the patients. For this particular reason, they consider that particular patient as a mental patient. There are mainly three types of shocks namely the respiratory shock, neurogenic shock and the Cardiogenic shock. Respiratory shock:The respiratory shock mainly causes due to the reduction of the oxygen as well as carbon dioxide. Additionally, in this case the body cells are unable to receive enough oxygen (Wang et al. 2011). Neurogenic shock: In case of the neugenic shock, the nerve impulses to the blood vessels become impaired. On the other hand, the blood vessels remain dilated and additionally the pressure decreases. Cardiogenic shock: The cardiogenic shock is the myocardial infarction, which mainly cause damage to the heart. In this case, the heart is unable to pump effectively (Montoro-Cazorla Prez-Ocn, 2012). It also gives rise to inadequate cardiac output. Moreover, it has been also found that the body is unable to receive sufficient oxygen. Answer to question 13In most of the time, it has been found that due to shock most of the patients suffer from organ failure. Especially the heart and the liver get damage due to the shock. Due to the functional overload of the disease, the organ stops working (Yeow et al. 2011). Decompensation basically destroys the whole working structure or the system of the human being. Additionally it has been also seen that decompensation occurs due to fatigue, stress and old age. The cushing reflex is basically a physiological nervous system which mainly response to the increase intracranial pressure that directly results in cushing traid of increased blood pressure and reduce in th e heart rate. Cushing reflex can cause due to heart injury and brain herination (Meloy, 2001). On the other hand, the cushing traid is a clinical traid, which mainly occurs due to irregularity respiration, bradycardi and systolic. The decorticate posturing takes place when a particular patients back arches backwards and flexes the arm. On the other hand, the decerebrate posturing takes place where the patients itself arches back and broaden the arms directly out parallel to the body (Wang et al. 2011). Additionally, it has been found that both decorticate posturing as well as the decerebrate posturing happens due to serious head injuries and it also directly affects the brain. As per the condition of the patients brain posturing can be applied. In most of the cases, it has been found the treatment goal changes when the patient is suffering from head injury. The mean arterial pressure is basically the term used in medicine. MAP is used to describe the average blood pressure of the in dividual. It also showcases the arterial pressure mainly during the cardiac cycle. As per the rate of the blood pressure the treatment procedure changes. In this case, the pressure inside the skull fluctuates due to the new treatment procedure (Yeow et al. 2011). ICP Intracranial pressure is basically the pressure inside the skull. In most of the cases, it has been found ICP is measured through millimeters of mercury.Week SevenVentilation: A medical ventilator is a unique machine, which is mainly designed to move fresh air into and out the lungs. This machine helps the patient to take the fresh air, who are unable to breathe properly. The fresh air can be intake through bag valve mask. Perfusion:In context with physiology, perfusion is an effective process by which a body mainly delivers blood to the capillary bed, which directly flows to the biological tissue. It has been found that the most common method mainly includes the skin color, temperature as well as the capillary refill ( Townsend Luck, 2012). Diffusion: Diffusion is one of the processes, which basically restricts the flow of air being exchanged. Additionally, physically the air cannot be exchanged directly. Answer to question 18Salbutamol is a highly selective B2 adrenergic receptor-stimulating drug, which has a bronchodilator effect. This is particularly used in asthama, chronic bronchitis and airways resistance disease. It has been found that salbutamol is mainly used to prevent bronchospasm with reversible disruptive airway disease, which are namely bronchial asthama, and choronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There are several contraindication of salbutamol, in most of the cases it has been found that the person with a history of hypersensitivity reaction (Yeow et al. 2011). Additionally it is also contraindicated in patients with cardiac tachyarrmias. There are mainly three major steps in delivery of a child.The first stage is the time of the onset of true labor pain until the cervix fully di lated. In the second stage, is the basic period after the cervix is totally dilated until is the baby is safely delivered. In the next stage, the placenta is delivered. The first stage has three major phases, namely the early labor phase, active, labor phase and the transition phase. In and every phase there is a different emotion as well as physical challenge. During the early labor phase, the mother should take rest instead of running to the hospital (Chang et al. 2014). The mother must drink plenty of water and energy drink. In the active labor phase, in this phase the contradiction will be much stronger than the early phase. In this phase the patient must drink plenty water and urinate periodically. The last phase is the transition phase, the cervix opens, the patients must feel the labor pain. In the second stage, the baby moves through the birth canal and push the baby to come down through the birth canal. Here the mother must feel huge pressure and pain. In the third stage, a fter the birth of the baby, the uterus continues to push the placenta. In this state the baby finally born. The APGAR score, is basically the first test which is given to the new born baby. This test is done after the delivery of the baby. This test is mainly done to test the physical condition of the baby. As per the condition of the baby, proper care is provided to the child (Jayne, 2008). The acronym of APGAR mainly stands for appearance (colour of the skin), pulse (heart rate), grimace( reflexes), activity(tone of the muscles) and respiration( breathing rate of the new born). In the third stage, a patient can face several kinds of complications those are namely postpartum haemorrhage, retained placenta, inversion of uterus and obstetric shocks. The third stage is the most complicated stage. In this stage, the placenta may be constricted in the lower uterus because of the morbid adherence (Yeow et al. 2011). Excessive bleeding after the vaginal delivery basically requires effecti ve action to overcome the complications. There are mainly two types of Arrhythmia namely the premature beats and the Atrial fibrillation (Montoro-Cazorla Prez-Ocn, 2012). The premature beats are the most common types of arrhythmia. There are no such symptoms of premature beats. On the other hand, the artial fibrillation is one of the major types of arrhythmia. ItMost the medical centres and the hospital use different kinds of techniques and methods to provide shock to the patients. can lead to cardiac arrest. It has been found that they usually boil down to one or more of Hs and Ts. Hypovolemia is mainly cause due to lack of circulating body fluid, principally the blood volume. On the other hand, it has been also found that Hypovolemia also caused by some form of bleeding or anaphylaxis. Hypoxia is mainly caused when there is lack of oxygen is delivered to the heart, brain as well as in the other vital organs. In order to keep the organ working, proper ventilation, oxygen as well g ood CPR techniques must be used. In most of the cases, it has been also found that the cardiac arrest also can easily occur after a hard blow to the chest at a precise moment in the cardiac cycle, which is specifically known as commotion cordis (Chang et al. 2014). Tension pneumothorax:It is much important to build up air into one of the pleural cavities, which is mainly caused due to mediastinal shift. In most of the cases, it has been found that when this actually happens, the great vessels become kinked and this limits the blood to return to the heart. Reference list: Benvenuti, P. (2001). The ICTY prosecutor and the review of the NATO bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. European Journal of International Law, 12(3), 503-530. Chang, W. H., Hsieh, S. I., Hsu, L. L. (2014). The Use of OSCE to Evaluate the Competency of Discharge Nurses. Hu Li Za Zhi, 61(3), 45.Doran, C. M. (2013). Prescribing mental health medication: the practitioner's guide. Routledge.Heselwood, B. (2013). Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice. Edinburgh University Press.Jayne, V. (2008). Cover story: Championing diversityminds wide open. How best to.Lightfoot, S. (2007). Academic writing: Steven Lightfoot recognised the importance of developing academic writing skills after reading a learning zone article. Nursing Standard, 22(8), 59. Madsen, V. M. (2014). Facts and friction: traditions and innovation within ABC Radio National. Australian Journalism Review, 36(2), 37.McDermott, H., Haslam, C., Clemes, S., Williams, C., Haslam, R. (2012). Investig ation of manual handling training practices in organisations and beliefs regarding effectiveness. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 42(2), 206-211.Meloy, J. R. (2001). The psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives. Academic Press.Montoro-Cazorla, D., Prez-Ocn, R. (2012). Shock and wear degradating systems under three types of repair. Applied Mathematics and Computation,218(24), 11727-11737.Noordam, B., Gosling, P. (2006). Mastering your Ph. D.: survival and success in the doctoral years and beyond.OMeara, P. (2009). Paramedics marching toward professionalism.Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 7(1).Prasolova, N., Bradbury, S. J., Jefferson, O. A. (2014). QUT Library advances the use of open public tools to navigate genetic inventions and builds research networks.Shaban, R. (2015). Accounting for assessments of mental illness in paramedic practice: A new theoretical framework. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 3(3).Townsend, R., Luck, M. (2012 ). Applied Paramedic Law and Ethics: Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier Health Sciences.Wang, G. F., Wei, X., Fan, R., Zhou, H., Wang, X., Yu, C., ... Ling, H. (2011). Molecular analysis of common wheat genes encoding three types of cytosolic heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90): functional involvement of cytosolic Hsp90s in the control of wheat seedling growth and disease resistance. New Phytologist, 191(2), 418-431.Yeow, T. N., Raju, V. M., Venkatanarasimha, N., Fox, B. M., Roobottom, C. A. (2011). Pictorial review: computed tomography features of cardiovascular emergencies and associated imminent decompensation.Emergency radiology, 18(2), 127-138.Zhu, W. (2004). Faculty views on the importance of writing, the nature of academic writing, and teaching and responding to writing in the disciplines.Journal of second language Writing, 13(1), 29-48.Blackboard.qut.edu.au. (2016). Blackboard.qut.edu.au. Retrieved 7 September 2016, from https://blackboard.qut.edu.au